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Description
Research data shows that 13.5 million people experience stalking annually (Smith et al., 2022). Yet, many stalking cases go unreported and uncharged, often because stalking is not recognized as a crime but as a weapon towards domestic violence. Victims and law enforcement might not recognize the severity, and criminal justice professionals may lack proper training for prosecution. Immigrant victims may hesitate to report stalking due to immigration concerns. This plenary will explore SPARC’s resources to boost stalking reporting and hold offenders accountable, especially in cases with immigrant victims.
Faculty
- Jennifer Landhuis, Director, The Stalking Prevention, Awareness, and Resource Center (SPARC)
- Jane Anderson, Senior Attorney Advisor, AEquitas
- Investigator Michael LaRiviere, Salem Police Department, MA
If you are a victim advocate, attorney, judge, or other professional working with an immigrant victim and you would like to receive case specific technical assistance on issues that arise in cases of immigrant crime victims, please call NIWAP for technical assistance at (202) 274-4457 or email us at info@niwap.org.
Tools for law enforcement and prosecutors: http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/law-enforcement-training-materials/
Communities of Practice: NIWAP runs several Roundtables and Communities of Practice that provide opportunities for peer-to-peer learning by meeting virtually several times a year with others from across the country working in your profession and serving immigrant victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, stalking, and human trafficking. For each, membership is limited to that profession. Please join and encourage others in your community to join:
- Community of Practice for Family Law Attorneys www.surveymonkey.com/r/FamCOP2023
- Community of Practice for Victim Advocates https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/VictimAdvocateCOPApp
- Roundtable for Law Enforcement, Prosecutors and System-based Advocates https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/LERoundtable
- National Judicial Network: Forum on Human Trafficking and Immigrants in State Courts (Judicial Officials only) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/njn-outreach-letter
Podcasts Helpful to Law Enforcement and Prosecution Agencies and Their Staff: https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/niwap-podcast-series
SPARC offers additional useful information on stalking on their Resources page SPARC offers more useful information on stalking on their Resources Page https://www.stalkingawareness.org/resources/
Links from Plenary
- Understanding Stalking for Immigrants (English) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/understanding-stalking-for-immigrants-english
- Understanding Stalking for Immigrants (Spanish) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/understanding-stalking-for-immigrants-es
- SPARC Stalking and Technology Infographic https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/stalking-tech-infographic
- SPARC offers more useful information on stalking on their Resources Page https://www.stalkingawareness.org/resources/
- Webinar Recording Stalking Charges: An Opportunity, Not an Afterthought https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVy7gQmKhSQ
- Prosecutor’s Guide to Stalking https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/SPA-19.005-Prosecutors-Guide-to-Stalking-00000002-revised.pdf
- Stalking Effective Strategies for Prosecutors https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Stalking_Effective_Strategies_for_Prosecutors.pdf
SPARCS Resources for Law Enforcement
- Resources for Law Enforcement https://www.stalkingawareness.org/law-enforcement-resources/
- Stalking Cases and Investigation Report Writing https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/LE-Stalking-Cases-Investigations-Report-Writing.pdf
- Law Enforcement Tips: SLII Behaviors https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/LE-Tips-Identifying-SLII-Stalking-Behaviors.pdf
- Law Enforcement Guide to Responding to Stalking https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/SPARC-LE-Agency-Guide.pdf
- Law Enforcement Agency Model Policy: Stalking Response https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/SPARC-LE-Agency-Model-Policy-Stalking.pdf
- Law Enforcement Training Guidance: Stalking Response https://www.stalkingawareness.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/SPARC-LE-Training-Stalking-Response.pdf
NIWAP and SPARC Resources for State Court Judges on Stalking
- Judicial Officer Bench Card: Stalking (July 14, 2022) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/sparc-judicial-bench-card-for-stalking
- Judicial Officer Guide Responding to Stalking (July 14, 2022) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/sparc-judicial-guide-for-stalking
- Judicial Officer Checklist for Common Behaviors Associated with Stalking (March 2, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/stalking-checklist
- “Stalking Literature” listing social science research publications on stalking and stalking behaviors. (March 2, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/stalking-literature
- SPARC, Resources on Stalking for Judicial Officers (July 14, 2022) https://www.stalkingawareness.org/judicial-officer-resources/
- SPARC, U.S. Stalking Laws and Statutes https://www.stalkingawareness.org/map/
NIWAP Resources for Family and Immigration Lawyers on Trauma Informed Approach
- Advocate’s and Attorney’s Tool for Developing a Survivor’s Story: Trauma Informed Approach (April 27, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/advocates-attorneys-tool-trauma-informed
- How to Prepare Your Case Through a Trauma Informed Approach: Tips on Using the Trauma Informed Structured Interview Questionnaires for Family Court Cases (SIQI) (April 27, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/siqi-for-family-lawyers
- Trauma Informed – Structured Interview Questionnaires for Immigration Cases (SIQI) (April 27, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/siqi-trauma-informed-tool
Webinars on Stalking:
- Context is Key: Identifying and Responding to Stalking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5dDO2LIDlQ
- Identifying, Investigating, and Prosecuting Stalking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5KaCp5sWGs
- Stalking and Intimate Partner Violence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aufwpJxTjhw
- Stalking & Sexual Violence: Understanding the Intersections https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVlfTu5IWuw
- National Judicial Network Webinar – Readily Identifying and Effectively Responding to Stalking in Family Court: A Resource for Judicial Officers (March 7, 2023) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/resources-on-stalking-for-judges
Stalking Literature
Data regarding victim/offender relationships, prevalence and a summary of the lifetime and 12-month experiences of stalking victims in the United States.
- Smith, S.G., Basile, K.C., & Kresnow, M. (2022). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2016/2017 Report on Stalking. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsStalkingReport.pdf
- Baum, K., Catalano, S., & Rand, M. (2009). Stalking Victimization in the United States. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ovw/legacy/2012/08/15/bjs-stalking-rpt.pdf
The multidimensional framework for assessment and safety planning in stalking cases, the 14 risk factors in stalking cases and dangerousness of stalking offenders.
- Logan, TK & Walker, R. (2017). Stalking: A Multidimensional Framework for Assessment and Safety Planning. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 18(2), 200-222. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1524838015603210?journalCode=tvaa
- Mohandie, K., Meloy, J.R., McGowan, M.G., & Williams, J. (2006). The RECON Typology of Stalking: Reliability and Validity Based upon a Large Sample of North American Stalkers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(1): 147-155. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7349862_The_RECON_Typology_of_Stalking_Reliability_and_Validity_Based_Upon_a_Large_Sample_of_North_American_Stalkers
Stalking as a Risk Factor in Intimate Partner Femicide:
- Spencer, C.M. & Stith, S.M. (2018). Risk Factors for Male Perpetration and Female Victimization of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21(3): 527-540. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29888652/
- McFarlane, J., Campbell, J.C., Wilt, S., Ulrich, Y., & Xu, X. (1999). Stalking and Intimate Partner Femicide. Homicide Studies, 3(4), 300-316. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1088767999003004003
Impact of Stalking on Victims/Survivors; Coping Methods:
- Spitzberg, B.H. & Cupach, W. (2007) The State of the Art of Stalking: Taking Stock of the Emerging Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 64-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222953393_The_State_of_the_Art_of_Stalking_Taking_Stock_of_the_Emerging_Literature
Acknowledgement of Stalking Behaviors:
- Jordan, C. E., Wilcox, P., & Pritchard, A. J. (2007). Stalking acknowledgement and reporting among college women experiencing intrusive behaviors: Implications for the emergence of a “classic stalking case”. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(5), 556-569. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235207000852?via%3Dihub
Immigrant Survivor Prosecutor Resources and Materials
- What’s Immigration Status Got to Do with It? Prosecution Strategies for Cases Involving Undocumented Victims https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/wp-content/uploads/Whats-Immigration-Status-Got-To-Do-With-It-Undocumented-Prosecution-Case-Strategies.pdf
- Relevancy of a Victim’s Immigration Status in State Criminal Court Proceedings (August 24, 2022) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/relevance-victims-immigration-status
- VAWA Confidentiality and Criminal Cases: How Prosecutors Should Respond to Discovery Attempts for Protected Information https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/pretrial-strategies-7-24-17-final-with-logos
- Certifying Early: When Should You Sign a U or T Visa Certification for a Victim? http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/certifying-early-7-24-17-final-w-logo/
- Quick Reference Guide for Prosecutors: U Visa and VAWA Confidentiality Related Case Law https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/quick-reference-guide-for-prosecutors-u-visa-and-vawa confidentiality
- Utilizing VAWA Confidentiality Protections (69-84) in Family Court Proceedings in Winning Custody Cases for Immigrant Survivors: The Clash of Laws, Cultures, Custody and Parental Rights https://www.civicresearchinstitute.com/online/article_abstract.php?pid=6&iid=1269&aid=8306; and https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/BTB24-PreCon1E-11.pdf
- Family Court Bench Card on VAWA Confidentiality http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/family-court-bench-card-vawa-confidentiality
- VAWA Confidentiality and Discovery Cases (October 18, 2022) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/vawa-confidentiality-cases
- How to Argue or Rule on VAWA Confidentiality Protections in Discovery Involving Immigrant Survivors (November 18, 2022) https://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/pubs/how-to-vawa-confidentiality-discovery